The stinger †high, harsh sound used particularly Essays

The stinger – high, harsh sound used particularly Essays The stinger – high, harsh sound used particularly Essay The stinger – high, harsh sound used particularly Essay How and why do music and image influence each other in media that combine ( e.g. music picture, advertizements, movie etc. ) and what effects and affects does this hold on the audience? Introduction The usage of music in concurrence with ocular imagination has a broad scope of maps. Its survey is a comparatively recent phenomenon which appears to hold gained land with the increased drift for multidisciplinary attacks to academic survey, and these are relevant here. Because of the complex nature of music and image interaction, this essay begins by looking at cardinal elements of musicology, sociology and psychological science that relate to analyze of audiovisual texts. This will demo how a scope of influences impact on an individual’s affect and response when exposed to audiovisual media, and gives some indicant of the complexness of this procedure and the troubles in analyzing it. Following this, assorted illustrations of different audiovisual media will be considered to demo how consequence and affect plants in pattern. It should be noted that affect’ is used as a psychological science term, as outlined by Tagg: an affect is felt by a human when his feelings are aroused by an external †¦stimulus. The province in which this human therefore finds himself is an affectional state ( 1979: 33 ) . Effect’ is explored by Branston et Al in a treatment of the effects theoretical account ( 2003: 148-153 ) , and its consideration of whether media power consequences in e.g. force in society. It can be seen as holding a broader application closer to its Oxford English Dictionary definition of result or effect of an action etc. There is some crossing over in significance, but the context and nomenclature should avoid confusion in this essay. Background Theory Musicology The inclusion of musicology in any multidisciplinary survey is complex in itself, as musicology is so extremely specialised that its nomenclature and application remain distant from non-musicians, and are frequently hard to explicate in ballad footings. Furthermore, musicology has strong roots in the survey of Western classical manners, and this frequently presents challenges when nearing other genres of music, allow entirely non-musical subjects. Middleton, for illustration, identifies musicological nomenclature biased towards the parametric quantities prioritised by classical music, reflected in notation ( 1990: 104 ) . Notation itself reflects a musical civilization to a great extent dependant on written/read media instead than an aural tradition, and is therefore suited to the written/read civilization of academic discourse. For aural traditions, which underpin popular manners, there is as yet no universally accepted criterion. Added to the analysis of music in ocular civilizations is the demand to understand the cultural background of musical manners and the manner in which peculiar audiences relate to them. A failure to recognize these nuances can take to inaccurate generalizations. In advertisement, for illustration, Blake suggests that When American popular musics are used, the codifications are less easy to analyze in footings of power and affect than in Cook’s classical examples†¦the ads imply that their merchandises with bestow the imagined freedoms and pleasances of America on the consumer ( 1997: 232 ) . Yet it is arguable whether the usage of Nat King Cole singing There May Be Trouble Ahead’ as the soundtrack to an Allied Dunbar advert ( cited by Blake 1997: 234 in another treatment ) confers this significance. The advert’s cardinal character is a stereotypically white, middle-class British man of affairs, reflecting the demographic at which the advert is targeted, and th e music has been used for its lyrical relevancy. Blake discusses the issues sing a white character lip-synching to a black singer, yet it is likely that many of the advert’s viewing audiences would non be cognizant of who they could hear, nor of his ethnicity. The generalization sing American popular musics is misdirecting in itself: for illustration, Reebok’s advert having US rapper 50 Cent, concentrating on his lasting being changeable nine times, does non propose freedom or pleasance. Cook suggests that music heard as an unaccompanied text i.e. without attach toing visuals, seldom raises clear issues of significance ( Cook 1994: 27 ) . This is possibly instead simplistic, as a figure of musical devices are associated with significance e.g. the usage of a minor key to arouse unhappiness, choler and other negative’ tempers, and these can act upon the reading of a ocular narration ( Vitouch 2001 ) . Cultural issues can add to this phenomenon. InDifferentiations, Bourdieu presented the consequences of an extended study into societal background, gustatory sensations and behavior, placing what he termed cultural capital’ , an acquired cognition of how to act in order to derive praises within society. This included factors such as favorite music, and penchants translate into codes’ which members of the same societal group can read and exhibit. The consequence, Bourdieu says, is that a work of art has significance and involvement merely for person who possesses the cultural competency, that is, the codification, into which it is encoded ( Bourdieu 1984: 2 ) This theory was extended by the work of Sarah Thornton, who undertook extended research of the UK nine scene in the late eightiess and early 1990s, and developed the construct of subcultural capital ( Thornton 1996 ) . The marks and codifications of this are exhibited in subcultures much as they are in wider society, but frequently subvert conventional hierarchies. Thornton and Bourdieu shed some visible radiation on how different sections of society articulate individuality, but reading is far more complex. There are many illustrations of a deficiency of subcultural capital taking to misidentify decisions: The civilization of rave is the civilization of childhood†¦both male childs and misss have normally been seen sucking conciliators [ silent persons ] says Tomlinson ( 1998: 200 ) , misconstruing their usage to antagonize the consequence on jaw musculuss which is a side consequence of the drug rapture, widely used within the subculture. Blake’s references to American popular music discussed in the debut demo a similar deficiency of subcultural capital. Subcultural codifications evolve over clip, adding to troubles understanding and construing them, but they are frequently of import to analysis of an audiovisual text ; in advertisement, they may be cardinal to appealing to a peculiar mark market. Cultural and subcultural codifications are, to some extent, psychological, reflecting a wish to joint individuality and to belong to a societal group. This may be behind the determination that if classical music is played in wine stores, clients tend to purchase more expensive vinos than if the Top 40 is played ( Areni and Kim 1991, cited in Wilson 2003: 94 ) , and reflects aspirational every bit good as existent individuality. Musical gustatory sensations besides have a bearing on response: topics in an experiment where a assortment of music was played in a university cafeteria rated it more positively when it played music they liked ( North and Hargreaves 1996, cited in ibid ) . While gustatory sensations in musical genres appear to be linked to cultural capital, other facets of gustatory sensation nexus to personality. A study of 3500 persons enabled Rentfrow et Al to show four contrasting personality types, each with a type of music they preferred ( 2003 ) . There was a correlati vity between wishing intense, rebellious music and being unfastened to new experiences, being athletic and verbally able and seeing oneself as intelligent ( ibid: 1249 ) . This may be relevant for advertizers: for illustration, to sell athleticss vesture, genre entreaty to a subcultural group may non be plenty if the music is more appealing to those who are non athletic ( who were found to prefer brooding, complex music: ibid: 1248 ) . The above illustrations show how many procedures are at work in the reading of an audiovisual text, both by its intended mark and by the analyst, and travel some manner to explicating the misreading of texts, even by those considered experts in their field. Ocular Media and Music Music has two chief maps when used in advertisement: stigmatization and helping memorability. The extent to which music makes an advert memorable can be demonstrated by grounds that some advert music retains its associations with a merchandise in the heads of persons for many old ages after the adverts are regularly broadcast ( Brierley 2002: 153 ) – for illustration, the 2nd motion of Dvorak’sNew World Symphonyis strongly associated with Hovis staff of life. There is significant grounds that the music in advertisement is more memorable than the words ( Fowles 1996: 132 ) . In add-on to the music being memorable, it may assist reenforce words in the consumer’s head. The original intent of the advertisement jangle – a short motto or rime associated with a specific merchandise and frequently set to music – was to aid memorability, although jangles were progressively dropped in favor of more sophisticated musical stigmatization from the 1980s. This is apparent in interviews with forces from temper music libraries ( Tagg 1980 ) , where Ron Singer of KPM notes increased penchant among clients for known melodies ( ibid: 8 ) . O Sole Mio, a vocal composed in Naples in the 19Thursdaycentury, is well-known by many British consumers as music from Cornetto advertizements, where the text Just one cornetto’ was substituted. In other fortunes, the original words relate to the merchandise as in, for illustration, Dulux’s usage ofA Whiter Shade of Pale( Brierley 2002: 179 ) for publicizing its scope of white pigment with a intimation of coloring material. The success of advertisement is frequently measured by consumer research into rates of callback, yet there is no established relationship between callback and action ( Brierley 2002: 169 ) , so it is hard to set up the extent to which music such as the Cornetto theme’ really creates gross revenues i.e. it is non clear whether the affect ( acknowledgment, acquaintance ) leads to consequence ( purchase of the merchandise ) . Branding can besides be assisted by music ( Brierley 2002: 169 ) , with different genres implying different trade name values. For illustration, classical music is associated with quality and position ( as demonstrated by the vino store experiment discussed antecedently ) . This was used by Citroen in an advert for the ZX 16v which featured music from the overture from Mozart’sThe Marriage of Figaro: †¦the music imbues the merchandise with prestigiousness that attaches to classical music in general and ( for people who recognise it ) to opera in particular ( Cook 1994: 30 ) Prudential developed an advert with narrative refering a immature adult male desiring to be a stone star, but used a classical soundtrack, even when the ocular image was of a stone set playing ( ibid: 33-5 ) . This suggests that the advertizers intended to make the feeling of a quality merchandise and that the demographic of the mark market was different to that of the person depicted in the advert. This usage of music is described as non-diegetic: it does non emanate from a ocular beginning. . The Prudential advert ends with a harmonic patterned advance towards a resolution meter which accompanies the visual aspect of the Prudential logo, described by Cook as pass oning that Prudential is the ( rhenium ) solution of all your problems ( ibid: 35 ) : he notes that musical linguistic communication can non be censored, but that the equivalent, if verbalised, would neglect to acquire past the Ad Standards Authority ( ibid ) . The genre and harmonic construction of the music used by Prudential is, in this instance, more of import than its specific individuality. Levi’s adverts having music by Babylon Zoo and Stiltskin in the 1990s show another attack: the usage of unknown music, with lower costs, to bring forth extra involvement among consumers. The vocals, played on wireless and Television out of context of the advert, still created psychological affect of Levi’s intension, deriving extra exposure for the trade name while besides assisting establish the callings of the soundtrack artists. The consequence was increased gross revenues for both parties. In other fortunes, a well-known vocal may be appropriate to run intoing an advertisement’s aims. In Labour’s recent advertizement, Dave the Chameleon is codification for the inconsistent positions of David Cameron, the Conservative leader. The usage of Culture Club’sKarma Chameleonnon merely refers to the ocular chameleon image, but is besides a well-known piece of music among people in their mid-thirtiess and mid-fortiess to whom Labour peculiarly want to appeal. The Guinness surfer’ advertizement uses much more extended intertextuality ; merely that refering the music is discussed below. The white Equus caballuss symbolise a metaphor ( white horses’ is sometimes used to mention to surf ) visually, while the membranophones represent it aurally, with intensions of thumping hooves. Simultaneously, the spoken text refers to the fat drummer’ , once more linking with the membranophone path and the hooves. The extent to which the membranophones have trade name intensions is problematic: they are taken from the Leftfield path Phat Planet’ , and possibly transport some of the praise of the creative persons, considered to be peculiarly advanced within the dance genre, but the path was non widely known before its usage in the advert. This may make the affect of elevated image for Guinness through its presentation of consciousness of this music: the advert, in consequence, has its ain subcultural capital. The music picture became a cardinal constituent in popular music in the late seventiess as portion of a heightened consciousness of the potency for blending media for commercial advantage: The rise of the video-clip encouraged †¦ blurring of the traditional stone distrinction between doing music and selling a trade good †¦the consequence of video-pop was to switch the balance between pop’s aural and ocular elements ( Frith 1990: 176 ) Music videos expose a scope of codifications associating to genre, proposing support of musical individuality instead than creative activity of it. For illustration, heavier stone manners are more likely to have footage of set public presentations. Authoritative FM Television shows a peculiar set of conventions: the performing artist ( s ) are typically filmed presenting a public presentation of the work and the context often features classical architecture, non needfully that of a concert hall, underscoring a sense of high culture’ . Much of the featured music uses elements of simple crossing over, for illustration, utilizing a stone or dad membranophone form behind an orchestral agreement, and this commixture of genres may be reflected in the styling of the performing artists. The vocalist Marina Laslo’s Caruso’ picture features her in a computer-generated opera house, have oning a formal eventide frock, but with heavy oculus makeup and windswept loose hair mor e in maintaining with a stone picture. Guns and Roses’ picture forSweet Child of Minedemonstrates how a conventional public presentation stone picture can be combined with another narrative through diegetic and non-diegetic devices. Clear, color images of the band’s public presentation, fiting the audio path ( i.e. diegetic ) , are juxtaposed with non-diegetic farinaceous images of set members off from the public presentation, fans and technicians doing the picture, supplying a narrative about the picture production every bit good as making a conventional picture. The multiple texts on occasion interact more vividly: for illustration, the word eyes’ in the words is underscored by farinaceous ocular footage of a fan’s eyes. The picture therefore maintains the intensions of genuineness through ocular portraiture of a conventional public presentation, while at the same time portraying an offstage’ , with the deduction once more of world and genuineness, supplying a farther aspect to the ban d’s image and a more interesting ocular experience. A cardinal inquiry sing music picture is the extent to which it is influenced by subculture and the influence it has on subculture. Research in the US suggests that the latter is the instance sing hiphop picture, which have developed a peculiar manner often pulling on overtly sexual dance by adult females for the benefit of male dad creative persons. A survey of 522 misss found a direct correlativity between the hours of such pictures seen over the class of a twelvemonth and degrees of drug and intoxicant usage, incidence of multiple sexual spouses and happening of STDs. This correlativity held when other facets such as societal background were taken into history ( Amber 2005 ) . It could be argued that as the stars in the pictures are admired for their musical prowess, the msuic confers acceptibility on and even condones the behavior seen in the ocular images. The inquiry of writing comes into drama with music picture, as constructs and way may be the duty of an person who is non involved with the musical composing: for illustration, Steve Barron was credited with the advanced attack to video for a-ha’sTake On Me, which combined conventional movie and life, with a narrative that provided a context for the wordss and gave them extra significance: the words became text Sung by the male character in the picture ( played by the band’s singer, Morten Harket ) to the female character as portion of the video’s story’ . TheTake On Mepicture is credited with establishing a-ha’s calling ( the vocal had been released twice antecedently, with a different picture ) : this may be due to frequent exposure through the media because of its ocular entreaty, conveying the vocal to the attending of those who might non otherwise have heard it. Alternatively, it may hold provided an extra dimension to the musical text and its sensed significance that made it more attractive to consumers, doing the affect critical in taking to the consequence of purchase. The creative person may still hold a grade of control through their public presentation, and may besides be to a great extent involved with the creative activity of the picture construct for their vocal: In a music picture the performing artist s frock, gestures, diction, and manner all become marks apt to interpretation†¦ Performers like Queen Latifah plan their ain pictures and work with their manufacturers and co-workers to make an image ( Roberts 1994 ) . Therefore music picture non merely straddles ocular and audio look, but besides the spheres of look and advertisement. It could be argued that adverts such as the Guinness surfer’ advertizement discussed earlier attack artistic look from a commercial sphere, with the state of affairs reversed for music picture. It has been argued that the whole point of a soundtrack mark is that it should be experienced and non heard ; that if we can actively hear the music, it is non working ( Blake 1997: 226 ) Surely there is some grounds that non all movie audiences actively register that music is attach toing the ocular and verbal elements of a movie ( Vitouch 2001: 71 ) . Howard Goodall, chiefly known for his Television subjects, emphasises a prioritising of ocular elements: Accept that if you are composing for Television or movie you are composing in a ocular medium and you are figure two ( Kingston 2000 ) . Film music ranges from the brief, unresolved pang of the stinger’ chord, a device widely used to underscore a sudden development in the action, peculiarly in horror movies, to the soundtrack vocal that becomes bound up in intending with the film’s narrative. In between is an extended repertory of music written specifically for movies, frequently composed so that musical devices coincide with specific frames. Less specificity is possible where preexistent pieces of music are used, but these may hold intensions of import to the narration: InWitness, the barn scene between Harrison Ford and Kelly McGillis sparked by Sam Cooke’s ( What a ) Wonderful World’requiresa vocal that will arouse a comparatively guiltless and unsophisticated cultural yesteryear ( the early sixtiess ) every bit good as supplying a clear coevals designation and a carefreeness for Ford’s character that is otherwise missing ( Stilwell 2002: 44 ) For bespoke movie music, the relationship between the movie manager and the composer may be more challenging. An nameless movie music composer describes the job of the director who doesn’t understand anything about music and is scared at the reference of a soprano clef or a crotchet – it’s about every bit near as he’ll get to music – but he knows what he wants in his mind†¦but he can’t pass on it to the composer ( Tagg 1980: 50 ) . Here there are illations of music picture in contrary: the movie is the primary text and the music secondary, while in music picture the music is the primary text. In both instances, the primary text is conceived prior to the secondary. Yet Marks argues that movie music is precisely that: a combination of movie and music and one can non be considered without the other ( Marks 1979: 283 ) . In ideal fortunes, the music creates synergism with the movie. This is the state of affairs with Isaac Hayes’ mark forShaft, which established musical codifications for portraiture of the urban landscape populated by the immature black mark audience: chattering, metallic wah-wah guitar†¦.opposition of funk beating against exuberant flutes and strings†¦ mapped a noirish vision of metropolis life, a mobile chase of sensualness through dirt, emphasis and elating speed ( Eshun 1995: 78 ) . These codifications were farther established in Curtis Mayfield’sSuperflymark every bit good as Television subject melodies such asKojak( Tagg 1979 ) . They were nevertheless, later appropriated by Hong Kong soldierly humanistic disciplines movies, and blaxploitation soundtracks looked to hiphop alternatively ( Eshun 1995: 78 ) . This shows the importance of positioning such movies through the associatory power of subcultural codifications. As codifications evolve, so excessivel y might impact and consequence within mark audiences. Yet many movies use the musical devices of Romanticism to back up a film’s narration. TheStar Warsmovies, for illustration, deploy leitmotif, peculiarly associated with Wagnerian opera. Indeed Evenson ( 2004 ) identifies a figure of similarities between theStar Warshexology and Wagner’sRingingrhythm non merely in secret plan and construct, but in similarities between leitmotif of characters with similar functions. For the classical composer, there are clearly analogues between the opera and the film-with-music genres, and the leitmotif provides an chance to underscore the personality and function of a character. The temper of the music non merely helps make an feeling of character, but besides builds context in a manner that visuals entirely may non be able to. This was demonstrated in a survey where groups of topics were shown the same piece of movie, with the original, upbeat/neutral Rozsa mark for one half of the sample and Barber’s more melancholyAdagio for Stringsfor the other half. The topics were so asked what was go oning in the scene and where the secret plan would take, and the consequences showed a doubling of negative affect when the Barber version was shown ( Vitouch 2001 ) . This does, nevertheless, depend on certain musical conventions, such as the association of a minor key with a negative temper. In civilizations where such conventions are less established, it is likely that the consequences would be different. The soundtrack vocal can get extra significance in a similar manner to music picture. The picture for Celine Dion’s My Heart Will Go On characteristics merely really brief infusions from the movie but the music alludes to the movie narrative, with an Irish ( uillean ) pipe consequence implying the male hero’s Irish individuality. For those familiar with the movie, the extra intension of tragic narrative and the hero’s decease may rise affect. Television has appropriated musical devices common to movie and advertisement e.g. the horror movie stinger’ used inHow Clean is Your Houseto mean bacteriums or insect infestations. Certain tendencies are noteworthy across a scope of programmes: for illustration, a alteration of topic in a light amusement programme such asCash in the Atticor60 Minute Makeoveris marked by a brief jangle or motive, with a musical backup to a non-diegetic verbal commentary which is cut for any diegetic address. Music is used to make involvement when there is small go oning verbally in many programmes ; a long-standing illustration is the half infinitesimal piece attach toing each mystifier onCountdown, which builds through lifting keys to make tenseness, culminating with a syncopated ostentation. Music is besides used for stigmatization: Channel Four has a four-note motive. BBC1, meanwhile, has a two-phrase melodious subject used for fluctuations in at least 10 different musical manners, with sympathetic dance-routines and an accent on the colors ruddy, white and black in the dancers’ outfits to reenforce stigmatization. It is noteworthy that, although these tableaus are played instantly anterior to programmes, the manner of music and any subcultural deductions appear to be random instead than matched to the mark audience of the undermentioned programme. Programs, TV’s products’ , are branded by theme melodies: these have the double intent of a call to action ( if heard from another room, the spectator will frequently recognize the subject melody of a programme they want to watch and be able to come to a sing country ) and coding for the type of programme. Thus assortment and peak clip confab shows typically have large set music, a lively manner without narrow subcultural intensions, therefore underscoring comprehensiveness of mark audience. Musical fragments may besides get their ain significance: the membranophone round motive at the terminal of each episode ofEastendershas become a musical codification to denote a cliffhanger’ . Although Television and film are the chief established audiovisual media, more recent engineering has extended its range. The cyberspace and computing machine games are progressively deploying more sophisticated background music, and display many of the techniques described in the old subdivisions. The stigmatization of games, for illustration, has of import subcultural elements, as observed by David Pokress, planetary trade name director for Activision Inc. : It’s non merely about the games, it’s about the life styles that accompany them ( Satzman 2001 ) . The illustrations above shows the broad scope of applications of music combined with ocular image, from adding significance, impacting reading of ocular elements, confabulating value onto a merchandise and assisting make an individuality, whether for a auto in an advert or for a character in a movie. The ocular narration, meanwhile, can reciprocate by adding significance to music e.g. through the ocular narration of a music picture. The affect and consequence depend to a great extent on the audience’s acquaintance with a scope of cultural and subcultural codifications, and the analysis of the creator’s purpose may be different to an analysis of response: A text is made of multiple Hagiographas, drawn from many civilizations and come ining into common dealingss of duologue, lampoon, controversy, but there is one topographic point were this multiplicity is focused and that topographic point is the reader, non, as was hitherto said, the author ( Barthes 1977: 148 ) . The many illustrations of music and ocular image interacting show the importance of reading every bit good as creative activity, and demo the broad scope of possible that music and image have to make significance, affect and consequence through their interaction – and the importance of understanding this for all those working in assorted media. 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Biography of Ernest Lawrence, Inventor of the Cyclotron

Biography of Ernest Lawrence, Inventor of the Cyclotron Ernest Lawrence (August 8, 1901–August 27, 1958) was an American physicist who invented the cyclotron, a device used to accelerate charged particles in a spiral pattern with the help of a magnetic field. The cyclotron and its successors have been integral to the field of high-energy physics. Lawrence received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention. Lawrence also played an essential role in the Manhattan Project, procuring much of the uranium isotope used in the atomic bomb launched on Hiroshima, Japan. In addition, he was notable for advocating government sponsorship of large research programs, or Big Science. Fast Facts: Ernest Lawrence Occupation: PhysicistKnown For: Winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the cyclotron; worked on the Manhattan ProjectBorn: August 8, 1901 in Canton, South DakotaDied: August 27, 1958 in Palo Alto, CaliforniaParents: Carl and Gunda LawrenceEducation: University of South Dakota (B.A.), University of Minnesota (M.A.), Yale University (Ph.D.)Spouse: Mary Kimberly (Molly) BlumerChildren: Eric, Robert, Barbara, Mary, Margaret, and Susan Early Life and Education Ernest Lawrence was the eldest son of Carl and Gunda Lawrence, who were both educators of Norwegian ancestry. He grew up around people who went on to become successful scientists: his younger brother John collaborated with him on the medical applications of the cyclotron, and his childhood best friend Merle Tuve was a pioneering physicist. Lawrence attended Canton High School, then studied for a year at Saint Olaf College in Minnesota before transferring to the University of South Dakota. There, he earned his bachelor’s degree in chemistry, graduating in 1922. Initially a premed student, Lawrence switched to physics with the encouragement of Lewis Akeley, a dean and a professor of physics and chemistry at the university. As an influential figure in Lawrence’s life, Dean Akeley’s picture would later hang on the wall of Lawrence’s office, a gallery that included notable scientists such as Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford. Lawrence earned his master’s degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1923, then a Ph.D. from Yale in 1925. He remained at Yale for three more years, first as a research fellow and later assistant professor, before becoming an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1928. In 1930, at the age of 29, Lawrence became a full professor at Berkeley- the youngest-ever faculty member to hold that title. Inventing the Cyclotron Lawrence came up with the idea of the cyclotron after poring over a diagram in a paper written by the Norwegian engineer Rolf Wideroe. Wideroes paper described a device that could produce high-energy particles by â€Å"pushing† them back and forth between two linear electrodes. However, accelerating particles to high enough energies for study would require linear electrodes that were too long to contain within a laboratory. Lawrence realized that a circular, rather than linear, accelerator could employ a similar method to accelerate charged particles in a spiral pattern. Lawrence developed the cyclotron with some of his first graduate students, including Niels Edlefsen and M. Stanley Livingston. Edlefsen helped develop the first proof-of-concept of the cyclotron: a 10-centimeter, circular device made of bronze, wax, and glass. Subsequent cyclotrons were larger and capable of accelerating particles to higher and higher energies. A cyclotron roughly 50 times bigger than the first was completed in 1946. It required a magnet that weighed 4,000 tons and a building that was about 160 feet in diameter and 100 feet tall. Manhattan Project During World War II, Lawrence worked on the Manhattan Project, helping to develop the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb required the â€Å"fissionable† isotope of uranium, uranium-235, and needed to be separated from the much more abundant isotope uranium-238. Lawrence proposed that the two could be separated because of their small mass difference, and developed working devices called â€Å"calutrons† that could separate the two isotopes electromagnetically. Lawrence’s calutrons were used to separate out uranium-235, which was then purified by other devices. Most of the uranium-235 in the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, Japan was obtained using Lawrence’s devices. Later Life and Death After World War II, Lawrence campaigned for Big Science: massive government spending on large scientific programs. He was part of the U.S. delegation at the 1958 Geneva Conference, which was an attempt to suspend the testing of atomic bombs. However, Lawrence became ill while at Geneva and returned to Berkeley, where he died one month later on August 27, 1958. After Lawrences death, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were named in his honor. Legacy Lawrence’s largest contribution was the development of the cyclotron. With his cyclotron, Lawrence produced an element that did not occur in nature, technetium, as well as radioisotopes. Lawrence also explored the cyclotron’s applications in biomedical research; for example, the cyclotron could produce radioactive isotopes, which could be used to treat cancer or as tracers for studies in metabolism. The cyclotron design later inspired particle accelerators, such as the synchrotron, which have been used to make significant strides in particle physics. The Large Hadron Collider, which was used to discover the Higgs boson, is a synchrotron. Sources Alvarez, Luis W. Ernest Orlando Lawrence. (1970): 251-294.†American Institute of Physics.† Lawrence and the bomb.† n.d.Berdahl, Robert M. The Lawrence Legacy. 10 December 2001.Birge, Raymond T. Presentation of the Nobel Prize to professor Ernest O. Lawrence. Science (1940): 323-329.Hiltzik, Michael. Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex. Simon Schuster, 2016.Keats, Jonathon. â€Å"The man who invented Big Science, Ernest Lawrence.† 16 July 2015.Rosenfeld, Carrie. â€Å"Ernest O. Lawrence (1901 - 1958).† n.d.Yarris, Lynn. â€Å"Lab mourns death of Molly Lawrence, widow of Ernest O. Lawrence.† January 8 2003.

Romanticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Romanticism - Essay Example I would agree with the statement that music is emotional. It could also be said that music is the most emotional of all arts. However I do not agree that music finds its ultimate style in Romanticism. Many composers, before and after the Romanticism movement, can evoke emotion as well. The Romantic style opened the doors for a broader spectrum of emotional music. It broke the standards of music of the time, allowing composers and musicians to express themselves openly. I do respect the Romantic style for that. While I have my favorites, I would not place one music style over another one. This includes the Romanticism era as well. Romanticism allowed the composer or artist the freedom to express their emotions. Instead of trying to please the audience, the artist wrote and played music for themselves. Lee Marshall explains: The only appropriate judge of the work becomes the artists himself because only the artist knows whether the work is true and the audience can only abide by Romanticism’s ‘first law [which] is the will of the creator.’ (33) The artist pours themselves into a piece of work, which in turn allows the audience to feel the artist’s emotion more clearly. An example would be Shubert’s â€Å"Death and a Maiden†. This piece of music relates how Shubert feels about his impending death.

Mary Kay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mary Kay - Assignment Example One direct selling technique that was employed by Mary Kay was over-the-counter selling. After two financial years, direct sales from the two skin care products led to a 120% increase in the company’s revenue (Davies & Dewhirst, 2005). With respect to Mary Kay’s direct selling strategy, over-the-counter sales persons had to employ excellent interpersonal communication skills in enticing potential consumers to make purchases. Among the necessary requirements for Mary Kay’s direct sales persons included confidence, assertiveness, and persuasiveness (Davies & Dewhirst, 2005). In essence, most sales persons were skilled in expressing friendly demeanors and possessed in-depth knowledge on the products as a means of improving their art of persuasion. Admittedly, the 120% increase in Mar Kay’s revenue was attributable to the advantages of direct selling over other marketing strategies. Among the benefits of direct selling include enhanced customer satisfaction resulting from personalized product deliveries, and minimum marketing risks associated with positioning of products. Contrarily, direct selling strategies like those employed by Mary Kay possess certain setbacks which may include poor quality leads and inability to enhance repeat sales (Palade, 2011). Beauty Control TM is a results-oriented beauty product that allows consumers to get a clear skin within a minimum of only seven days. In essence, Beauty Control TM can be described as a new generation product that acts as a foundation for clear skin. As a new product in the market, the best marketing strategy to employ would be promotional marketing. Basically, promotional marketing entails the use of attractive sales techniques in enticing potential consumers, and influencing them to make purchases. Currently, there are multiple competitors within the beauty products market whose brand reputations are the main source of their competitive advantages in

Air Pollution and Climatic Changes Essay Example for Free

Air Pollution and Climatic Changes Essay Air pollution is actually the addition of any harmful substances to the atmosphere, which causes the damaging of the environment, human health and the quality of life. Air pollution has been a serious problem throughout the history. This can have series effect on the health of human beings. Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time when we breathe in we inhale dangerous substances. These dangerous substances can be in the form of gases or particles. Sources of Air pollution: †¢Natural source †¢Artificial source Natural sources: Natural air pollution does not occur in abundance and also possesses little threat to health of the peoples and ecosystem. Volcanic eruptions, Forest fires, Biological decay of organic matters are some of the natural causes of air pollution. Artificial sources: The man made reasons for air pollution are vehicular emission, burning of waste products, thermal power plants, industries and refineries. Vehicular emissions are responsible for 70% of the country’s air pollution. * Bharat stage 1 to 4 emission norms are emission standards that focus on regulating pollutants released by automobiles. Most sulphur dioxide comes from power plants that use coal as their fuel. Automobiles produce about half of the nitrogen oxide. When wood, household garbage, plastic, or leaves are burned, they produce smoke and release toxic gases. The smoke contains vapors and solid compounds suspended in the air called particulate matter. The particulate matter and toxic gases released during burning can be very irritating to people’s health. People who are exposed to these air pollutants can experience eye and nose irritation, breathing difficulty, coughing, and headaches. People with heart disease, asthma, emphysema, or other respiratory diseases are e specially sensitive to air pollutants Major air pollutants: †¢Sulphur oxide †¢Nitrogen oxide †¢Carbonmono oxide †¢Decomposition of organic matters. * India emits the fifth most carbon of any country in the world. * The Bhopal gas tragedy is one of the world’s worst industrial disasters that killed almost 8,000 people in December 1984. Air pollution can adversely affect human health not only by direct inhalation but indirectly by other routes through water, food and skin infections. Health hazards due to air pollution: †¢Cardio vascular diseases †¢Asthma †¢Bronchitis †¢Allergies †¢Lung and heart diseases. Consequences of Air pollution: 1.Ozone layer depletion 2.Global warming ( Greenhouse effect) 3.Acid Rain 4.Smog Ozone layer depletion The atmosphere contains a thin layer of ozone about 24 to 40 Km above earth’s surface which protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. The release of chemicals such as CFC widely used in refrigerators has damaged the ozone layers. Ozone monitoring stations in Antarctica have already detected average loss of 30% to 40% of total ozone over the region. Each one percent loss of ozone is to cause an increase of about 2% in UV Radiation. This will reduce the immunity of the body and cause eye cataracts and skin cancer. For the protection of ozone layer, Montreal protocol and Vienna meet of 30 nations world wide agreed to reduce the use of CFCs. Global warming Global warming is caused by increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon-di-oxide, methane, water vapour, CFCs which are responsible for the heat retention ability of the atmosphere. The rapid increase in average temperature of earth will cause major changes in weather pattern all over the world. Rise in global temperature, will also result in the melting of polar ice caps glaciers. This in turn will raise the sea level. Land use changes will occur in coastal areas due to sea level rise. It will cause damage to coastal structures, post facilities and water management systems. Global warming also affects the agricultural patterns. Intense tropical cyclone activity has increased in the North Atlantic since about 1970 Heat waves have become more frequent over most land areas. More intense and longer droughts have been observed over wider areas since the 1970s, particularly in the tropics and subtropics If ocean temperature increases, growth of coral reefs will be affected. The corals control the proportion of carbon dioxide in water by turning them in to limestone shell. Moreover, coral reefs grow in temperature just above 10 degree Celsius. Other ecosystems such as forests and desert will also be harmed. Loss of bio-diversity and extinction of rare species will occur. Acid Rain: Acid rain was first discovered in 1852. This is one of the most important environmental problems, caused by indivisible gas given out by automobiles or coal burning by power plants. The gases that cause the acid rain are sulphur- di-oxide and nitrogen oxides. Fire and bacterial decomposition are the natural causes which increases nitrogen oxide in air. These pollutants combine with water vapour in the presence of sunlight and oxygen and forms dilute sulphuric and nitric acids. When these mixture precipitates from the atmosphere, it is called acid rain. Acid rain falls down to the earth in all forms of precipitation. Acidity in the rain can harm and even destroy both natural ecosystems and man-made products. Acid rains, when falling on oceans, reach the coral reefs. This has killed more than 70% of corals in Lakshadweep and Andaman islands. They also change the acidity level of the soil by leaching crucial nutrients. Thus it affects forest vegetation. The most basic microscopic organisms such as plankton may not be able to survive. So the sea animals depending on planktons will die and the food chain will be affected. Smog: The word smog is a combination of the words smoke and fog. Smog causes a smoky dark atmosphere, especially over cities, it decreases visibility, and creates gaze throughout the area. Smog is caused by many factors, major producers of smog include automobiles, fires, waste treatment, industries, etc. The articulates present in smog include carbon monoxide, dirt, dust. The smog effect is created when sunlight, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide are mixed together smog creates harmful health hazards like lung failure and pneumonia. Smog is not only a city problem. As smog level increases, wind carry smog away from urban areas and harm other areas too. Agriculture is also affected by smog.

Hindu Rituals Essay -- Hinduism Hindu Religion Essays

Hindu Rituals The model worshiper for the Hindu religion would be one that expresses one's devotion in every action that they take. Though the this is true in most religion's the Hindu religion is different in that rituals, festivals and other such type of practice are not the same as worship in the Hindu religion. Worship only occurs at a special time, place and occasion. As in the religion's like s worship and ritual are performed mostly at the same time. The Hindu religion has many different types of rituals that are performed for different occasions. Some of the rituals can only be performed by certain social classes. Many of the rituals that take place can be found in the Vedic literature. The majority of the rituals are centered around sacrificial fires which are called yajna. Since the Hindu religion does not have a specific place nor time to worship many of them are done at temporary altars, there are not any types of deities, though there must be Brahmin priests to perform the ceremony. Majority of the rituals only involve the caste system, which is one of the highest social classes. The yajna ritual can be for two purposes, the first type is for the general welfare of a kingdom or for the world as a whole. The second purpose for the yajna is for the good of the household. Though the rituals can also mean different things for example the person who may want the ritual done for the good of his household may also want there to be good for the world as well. The only real difference between these two types of rituals is that the ritual for welfare of the world, or for the general public is more complex, longer and more expensive then that of the good of the household ritual. Another type of ritual that takes ... ...ey need to participate in the sacred power. Hinduism has many different types of rituals that serve for different purposes, social system and occasion. Some rituals like the yajna are for that of the general good of the world or their households. There is the puja in which a devotee finds strength in that of a god or goddess. Others are there to help the deceased get to that of the world of the dead. There are pilgrimages in which worshippers go to a destination and become a being of sacred power or become closer to it. Many Christians do not agree with the Hindu religion though if you look closely at their rituals and belief system it really is not that far off from that of Christianity. Hindu's believe that there should be good for the world, they believe in some form of god and they take pilgrimages just as many Christian people believe or participate in.

Economic Booms of China and India Essay

It has been well known that China and India are having an economic boom whilst the west is in a recession. The question is whether China and India are going to slip into a recession as their rate of growth is thought to be â€Å"unhealthy†, this would put the western countries back into recession which is a very worrying prospect for a slowly recovering western world. China’s GDP (growth domestic product) is now over $4,211 billion a growth from $53 billion in 1978. China is between a LEDC and a MEDC and is growing at a extremely fast rate which is thought to be â€Å"unhealthy†. China’s main port (which there are 200 of) are growing at a huge rate which cannot be sustainable the Port of Shenzhen is growing at over 25% annually to provide the world which China made products. The port is home to 39 shipping companies who have launched 131 international container routes. There are 560 ships on call at Shenzhen port on a monthly basis and also 21 feeder route s to other ports in the Pearl River Delta region. China just had a deceleration in growth which worried the whole world. The slowdown can be blamed on a variety of factors. China’s government was aiming for a slight deceleration, as it tried to tame its real estate boom and rapid inflation. While the rate still is allot faster than the growth in the United Kingdom, it marks an uncomfortable soft patch for China. Over the last three decades, the country has barrelled ahead at an average of about 10% a year. This shows that the â€Å"unhealthy† growth of China of an average of 10% will eventually slow down and bring the whole world into a very bad recession. The economy of India is the eleventh largest in the world by nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country is one of the G-20 major economies and a member of BRICS. On a per capita income basis, India ranked 140th by nominal GDP and 129th by GDP (PPP) in 2011, according to the IMF. However India’s economic growth is also much higher than it is in the western world but I believe their growth is much healthier than the growth in China. India’s industry only accounts for 28% of its GDP whereas in China that number is much higher. China and India share many similarities as they are both growing at a huge rate but China’s growth is mainly in industry which is much less sustainable. China is also relying on  the fact communism remains strong and doesn’t crash because if it does wages will rise and put western countries in recession. India designs much more unique high quality products which is much more sustainable than China’s large scale low quality batch production which is much less sustainable and that is the reason I believe that China is the biggest threat to the western world. I believe that China is the biggest threat to the western countries and would put the whole world into recession. Therefore I believe the countries should stop relying on China so heavily because China controls the whole world. If China did not believe in something a county did it could stop the exports to that country which would hugely affect that country. Therefore I believe that it is a threat to the west. I do not believe that India is YET such a threat as China but in less than 10 years I belive it may be just as much of a problem as china.

Mba Program in Kogod School of Business Essay

MNTC, my painstaking effort, is aggressively aimed to produce for China’s electric power enterprises the best RFID chip, and to provide the power equipment inspection departments and clients with decoders and background service. After quitting from the bank job, I immediately created MNTC, which has always been carefully treated as my child. For its robust growth, I have tried my best to be the world’s most attentive father. RFID chips function as both equipment IDs and recorders. First, write customer information into the chips and encrypt it through the encryption system out of our own independent research and development, and then install those chips into all sorts of needed electric power equipments, so as to equip the corresponding departments and users with the ability to access the devices through network in a secure and efficient manner. After having successfully solved the financial and the human resource crisis, the usual issues encountered during the initial period of an enterprise development, I further established a background system development team. Since then, MNTC won the first sum of financing, which made me wholly aroused. But the company being bigger and stronger forced me to feel that my already insufficient management skills is eventually unable to fulfill the development needs of MNTC. And hence I deeply realize the very importance of more advanced management concepts and strategies. Advancing my management ability is indeed the short-term goal, and this is closely related to most courses in the Kogod School of Business. The study and research on those courses can definitely cultivate me to be a more prudent and masterful manager. Upon graduation, I have faith that, not only can I take the most of the improved economic modes to implement better cost control, but also I could apply more brilliant business strategies to explore the expansive ways of MNTC. I’m more eager to learn from American University (AU) about how to perfect the industry chain of electric power by finally achieving the more optimized combination of technology and capital, and how to promote industrial revolution in the perspective of networking application. Yes, that is my long-term goal, seemingly far away. To reach it, I am in dire need of the guidance of my future beacons, the distinguished professors in the Kogod School. Hope to draw on the experience of the successful roads of numerous American enterprises, through which in order to accumulate more capital and introduce more powerful technology innovation for China’s electric power industry. Years of management experience has solidly honed me to become a diligent thinker who can always figure out solutions from different angles. The diversity of AU and AU’s emphasis on creation nicely fit this characteristic of mine. What’s more, the specialties of AU – Kogod Center for Career Development and K-LAB (Kogod Leadership & Applied Business) would guarantee me a wide and deep network of alumni resources from within the AU community and beyond. Thus, I firmly believe that the world-class MBA program in AU, outstanding and well-rounded, plus the superior geographical position of Washington, DC are the two critical factors of ensuring that American University is and will be the best choice of accomplishing my long-term goal.

The Morality of Downloading Music essays

The Morality of Downloading Music essays Ever since Napster first came on the scene in the late 1990s, downloading music and movies over the internet has been an extremely controversial issue. People all over the world delighted in the fact that you could get your favorite songs with the click of a mouse from the comfort of your own home. However, for almost as long as file-sharing programs have been around, there have been those who try to stop them. Record companies, many recording artists, and the movie industry plead with, and try to force the public to stop this piracy. The number of lawsuits has been going up in recent years and the targets have become average people who download a few things here and there. However, the issue is not as black and white as it seems. Many people believe, with good reason, that downloading isnt the horrible criminal offense that the recording and movie industries make it out to be. Sometimes, downloading actually helps music sales by generating an interest in a certain band or st yle of music. The recording industry is filled with artists who have the kind of money most people can only dream about, and yet they ask for more. The most important point is that this is the direction technology has taken us in and now that its here, its not likely to go away. The record companies may say technology or not, stealing is stealing. But in a way, downloading has revitalized the music industry and generated new interest, which the record companies can use to their advantage if they would only adapt to these file-sharing programs rather than try to fight them. To consider whether or not downloading music is stealing, one must first look at the definition of stealing. According to Neil Rollins, downloading music isnt comparable to stealing a CD from a record store. When you take a CD from a store, it is theft because you are taking it away from the shop someone still has to pay for the physical costs...

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1892 short story â€Å"​The Yellow Wallpaper,† tells the tale of an unnamed woman slipping slowly deeper into a state of hysteria. A husband takes his wife away from society and isolates her in a rented house on a small island in order to cure her â€Å"nerves.† He leaves her alone, more often than not, except for her prescribed medication, while seeing to his own patients.​ The mental breakdown that she eventually experiences, likely triggered by postpartum depression, is supported by various outside factors which present themselves over time. It is probable that, had doctors been more knowledgeable of the illness at the time, the main character would have been successfully treated and sent on her way. However, due in large part to the influences of other characters, her depression develops into something much deeper and darker. A type of chasm forms in her mind, and we witness as the real world and a fantasy world merge. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a superb description of the misunderstanding of postpartum depression before the 1900s but can also act in the context of today’s world. At the time this short story was written, Gilman was aware of the lack of understanding surrounding postpartum depression. She created a character that would shine a light on the issue, particularly for men and doctors who claimed to know more than they actually did. Gilman humorously hints at this idea in the opening of the story when she writes, â€Å"John is a physician and perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster.† Some readers may interpret that statement as something a wife would say to poke fun at her know-it-all husband, but the fact remains that many doctors were doing more harm than good when it came to treating (postpartum) depression. Increasing the danger and difficulty is the fact that she, like many women in America at the time, was absolutely under the control of her husband: He said I was his darling and his comfort and all he had, and that I must take care of myself for his sake, and keep well. He says no one but me can help myself out of it, that I must use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run away with me. We see by this example alone that her state of mind is dependent upon the needs of her husband. She believes that it is entirely up to her to fix what is wrong with her, for the good of her husband’s sanity and health. There is no desire for her to get well on her own, for her own sake. Further on in the story, when our character begins to lose sanity, she makes the claim that her husband â€Å"pretended to be very loving and kind. As if I couldn’t see through him.† It is only as she loses her grip on reality that she realizes her husband has not been caring for her properly. Although depression has become more understood in the past half-century or so, Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has not become obsolete. The story can speak to us, in the same way, today about other concepts related to health, psychology, or identity that many people do not fully understand. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story about a woman, about all women, who suffer from postpartum depression and become isolated or misunderstood. These women were made to feel as if there was something wrong with them, something shameful that had to be hidden away and fixed before they could return to society. Gilman suggests that no one has all the answers; we must trust ourselves and seek help in more than one place, and we should value the roles we can play, of friend or lover, while allowing professionals, like doctors and counselors, to do their jobs. Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a bold statement about humanity. She’s shouting for us to tear down the paper that separates us from each other, from ourselves, so that we may help without inflicting more pain: â€Å"I’ve got out at last, in spite of you and Jane. And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back.†

Management and Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example These require organizational redesign which is meant to improve organizational effectiveness and the ability to adapt to a constantly changing environment (Douglas, 1999). Two different approaches explain work motivation – the content theories and the process theories (Analoui, 2000). The content theories explain what actually motivates people to work. As per Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs the basic physiological needs have to satisfied only after which an individual clamours for other needs such as safety needs, need for love, self-esteem or self-actualization. According to Herzberg an employee’s motivation to work is understood when the employee’s attitude to work is understood (Tietjen & Myers, 1998). The attitude of employees depends on two sets of factors – those that generate happy feelings within the worker and hence were task-related and those that give rise to unhappiness but are not task-related. These are directly related to the job but to the conditions surrounding the job. The first sets of factors that give happiness are called motivators which include recognition, achievement, career progression, responsi bility and work itself. Motivation is intrinsic and comes from within. Intrinsic motivation has also been referred to in the self-determination theory (SDT), as the tendency to seek out challenges and novelty. Ryan and Deci (2000) contend that â€Å"motivation produces†. Intrinsic motivation requires autonomy because controlled approaches can stifle innovation. These are the esteem needs as specified by Maslow. An employee derives feelings of self-worth, accomplishment and pleasure as the use of his skills provide him with intrinsic rewards (Gallagher & Einhorn, 1976). As one need is satisfied, he strives for the satisfaction of other needs and this motivates or influences his behaviour. Motivators create positive attitude towards job and satisfies the employees need for self-actualization which is

Structured essay 2500 words, a critical analysis of the portrayal of

Structured 2500 words, a critical analysis of the portrayal of socio-cultural issues and physical education in the media - Essay Example A number of factors that help shape and determine these socio-cultural issues are the expectations of the community, laws, rules, and policies, economic as well as physical resources, ethical and technological factors. The media could as well be categorized under the technological factors. These factors will in the long run affect the attitudes, behaviors, and expectations that these people have over the relationships (Smith & O’Day, 1990). The media together with what could be described as popular culture often does portray unrealistic scenarios or images about these relationships and often does play a very crucial role in the persuasion process of the people within communities to try and conform to the social norms. The media could still be used as a destructive tool that hinders the achievement of these socio-cultural needs and that is why its portrayal of them is very vital thing to consider (Oleribe, 2005). In the movie Take the Lead, there are socio-culture issues that arise from the events in the movie and from individuals’ behaviors. These socio-culture issues include disadvantaged education and family. On the part of disadvantaged education, this can be well pointed out in the movie where the students in the detention like Rock, LaRhette and the others are seen as not performing well in terms of class education. Although they are not good in class performance, they are seen as having other talents that they can perform better. In this case their dancing skills are good and through practice, acceptance and determination, they dance through a highly competitive dancing competition where their performance is quite appreciated even by the school Principle James who makes the program permanent within the school and expands it to other schools. Family as a socio-cultural issue on the other hand is portrayed in this movie by how different individual characters have been brought up or are relating to their family members or the general