Nutrition Comparison of Genders and Ages

Nutrition Comparison of Genders and Ages Day Meal Teenage male athlete Pregnant 30 year old Male elderly patient 1 Breakfast Alpen cereal with yogurt. 2 slices of whole wheat bread with soft cheese. Orange juice. Banana. cereal with milk and berries 1 slice of whole wheat toast. Glass of milk. Porridge. Banana Milk. Lunch Couscous. Chicken breast. Toasted almonds and dried apricot. Apple juice. Chickpeas and carrot. Cake and custard. Spaghetti bolognaises. Mixed salad. Apple juice. Ham in 2 slices whole wheat bread. Cucumber and tomatoes slices. Yogurt. Dinner sardines tined Mixed salad leaves. Sliced tomatoes. Jacket potatoes. Mango. biscuits 2 slices of whole wheat bread. 2poached eggs. Cheese sticks Mixed veg. Shepherd pie Runner beans and carrots. Cake with custard. 2 Breakfast Porridge with milk. 2 slice whole wheat bread with Nutella. Orange juice Apple Muesli with yogurt. Orange juice Apple. 1 slice of whole wheat toast with Nutella. 2 slices of whole wheat bread. 1 scrambled egg. Tomatoes. Orange juice. Lunch Macaroni cheese. Broccoli and cauliflower. Mix berries with yogurt. Baked pasta with chicken and tomatoes. Mixed leave salad and cucumber. Mango. Chicken casserole. Mix veg. Rice pudding. Dinner Ribeye steak in mushroom sauce. Roasted potatoes. Mixed veg (sweet corn, carrot and peas). Rice pudding. 2 slices whole wheat bread. Baked beans. Fruit salad with yogurt. Glass of milk. Noodle soup. Cheese selection. 3 Breakfast Cereal with milk Strawberries 2 slice whole wheat bread with soft cheese. Orange juice. Porridge with blue berry. Glass of milk. 1 slice of mixed seed toast with soft cheese. Banana. Cereal with milk. Kiwi. 1 toast with jam. lunch Sea bass Boiled potatoes. Steamed broccoli and cauliflower. Fruit salad and ice cream. Brown rice with chili con carne. Steamed broccoli, cauliflower. Banana. Orange juice. Fisherman pie. Peas. Apple pie. Dinner Spaghetti in tomatoes’ sauce. Grated cheese. Garlic bread. Mixed leaves salad with cucumber. Beef medallion. Roast potatoes. Mixt veg. Fruit smoothie. Bread roll. Chicken soup. 2 slices of whole meal bread. Peaches slices. 2) The teenage male needs an estimated average requirement of 2755 calories a day. Males require the most dietary energy during this age, due to the body needs of more energy and nutrients, because during teenage years the human body has a rapid growth and development rate. Teenager’s diet in general needs to be rich of carbohydrate, Minerals (calcium, iron ) and proteins which needed for muscle development, bones and growth. Also needs vitamins which are chemical compounds that are required for normal growth and metabolism. He also needs extra calories because he is an athlete. Thus his body needs more sugar to burn during exercise, potassium rich food (mixed berries)because of the excess sweating, more protein which improves athletic performance, carbohydrates and fat. The 30 year female needs 1940 calories and an extra 200 because she is pregnant. Her diet need to consist of high iron rich food like: meat, pulses, dried fruit and nuts, also food rich of vitamin C if she is a vegetarian to help absorb more iron to avoid been anemic. Consume food high in vitamins, folic acid for baby brain development. More Carbohydrate for energy needed, as she the life support for her baby. example of high carbohydrate rich food are pasta, potatoes ,cereals, rice and couscous. Proteins and calcium rich food for example: canned fish with bones, broccoli and dairy product, thus needed for baby development and her general health. Age is a factor that affect the estimated average requirement (EAR).therefore The elderly male does not need as much calories as the teenage athlete . He only needs around 2100 calories; however his body requires proteins to strengthen his immune system by making antibodies and heamoglobin, and increases his strength in general. Examples of high proteins rich food are: meat, seafood and eggs. He needs calcium because the bone density shrinks with age, and Carbohydrate needed for energy as it serve as the main energy source for the human body. TAQ2: Type 2 diabetes is a medical condition that causes the body blood sugar level to become very high. That does occur when the pancreas does not secret enough insulin to control glucose level. With type2 diabetes the body either does not produce enough insulin to control the sugar level (insulin deficiency) or the body cells stops reacting to it, which called insulin resistance. It’s most common in people over 40, however the number of younger people diagnosed is in the increase. The person that is more at risk of developing the condition is overweight or obese, the fat in the abdomen releases chemicals that affect the body metabolic function. Therefore regular exercise and balanced diet helps assist to maintain a healthy weight, which will decrease the risk of developing and managing the condition. Also there is a genetic factor, so if you have a relation with type 2 diabetic you are at risk of developing the condition.(1) Atherosclerosis is a serious condition where the arteries walls thicken, and become clogged up affecting the blood circulation. This is very dangerous for the body’s health as it restrict blood flow resulting in organs damage and malfunction. Furthermore if this fatty substances rupture it can cause blood clot, the latter can trigger a heart attack or a stroke. Atherosclerosis is a risk factor for number of conditions called cardiovascular disease (CVD) because it involves blood flow. In human body the arteries become narrow as the body age, leading to atherosclerosis. However life style plays big role in speeding the process, for example smoking and consuming alcohol. One of the major risk factors is obesity due to poor diet that is high in fat content, cholesterol and consuming food over the estimated average requirement for the person. Also high blood presser and diabetes, which also caused by obesity. (2) Rickets is a condition that affects the bones during development in early childhood. The bones become soft and weak, making them deformed. Rickets was very common in the past, but with medical progress and information it nearly disappeared. The diet plays a big factor in developing this condition, thus the lack of vitamin D and calcium is the most common cause. Therefore this deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D is produced by the skin when it’s exposed to sun light, also found in fortified cereal and small number of food i.e. eggs. Calcium is found in dairy product such as cheese, and in green vegetables. This condition is common in children with darker skin because they need more sunlight in order to make enough vitamin D. (3) TAQ3: a) In order for the human body to be able to absorb nutrient it needed from the food to the bloodstream, the food has to be digested properly. So absorption and assimilation can happen only if food is turned into small molecules. For example when we eat a piece of bread, it start to break by been chewed in the mouth. This mechanism serve two purposes: 1 it become small to swallow.2saves body energy. Then the enzyme in the saliva breaks the carbohydrate into sugar which the body uses for energy. b) Organ/body part Process Importance Mouth/Buccal cavity Chewing /mastication Making food easier to swallow. Chopping food up into small bits. Signal to the body to start the digestive process. Oesophagus Swallowing, contracting or expanding (peristalsis). Pushing the food down into the stomach. Stops the food from getting to air pipe. Stomach Churning, emulsification and contracting. Turning the food into semi fluid. Storage of food, to prevent the small intestine from being too full. Small intestine Absorption. Most Nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream in the jejunum Fat absorption occurs in the duodenum. Large intestine Pushing of fecal matter out. Conserve. Conserve water and sodium. Transport fecal matters out of the body. anus Defecation. Stool excretion. c) Name of digestive juice Site of production Enzymes in digestive juice Function of the enzymes Saliva. Mouth Amylase. Lingual lipases. Digest the starch from food and breaks carbs into sugar. Digestion of fats within the stomach. Gastric juice. Stomach. Pepsin. Rennin. Lipase. Breaks down proteins into small peptides. Breaking down fat into fatty acids and glycerol molecules. pancreatic juice. Pancreas. Trypsin. Lipase. Amylase. chymotrypsin Breaking down large molecules of food, i.e. protein molecules into one-, two-, and three-amino acid chain Allow the gall bladder to release bile. Neutralize the hydrochloric acid. Continue the hydrolysis of starch. Intestinal juice. Small intestine. Maltase. Peptidase. Turns maltose into glucose. Dipeptides break protein into Amino acids. TAQ4: b) Digestive system organ Function(s) Stomach The stomach is responsible for the gastric stage of digestion. It breaks the food into liquid called chyme due to the hydrochloric acid, which works to decontaminate food from bacteria. The stomach wall is protected by mucous layer so the acid does not affect it .the gastric fundal mucosa produce pepsinogen enzyme and with the acid in the stomach it become activated as pepsin, the latter breaks proteins molecules into peptide. The lipase enzyme in the stomach is responsible for fat hydrolysis. The lower part of the stomach is called pylorus, which is responsible for empting the chyme into the small intestine and regulate the amount of acid produced by the stomach. liver The liver has a vital role in the digestive system.it secret bile into the small intestine to break fat molecules. The liver works as a sieve for harmful substances i.e. drugs, and has multiple functions throughout the body systems. Small intestine The small intestine is responsible for most of nutrient absorption and further digestion. The top part of the intestine (Duodenum) works as a neutralization chamber in which Bicarbonate decreases the chyme acidity. It’s in here that the pancreatic juice is secreted, the latter has enzymes: Trypsin, Lipase, and Amylase. And chymotrypsin, which break down large molecules of food. Most of nutrient absorption occurs in the Jejunum, the latter’s surface has villi which create large area for transport of nutrients from the lumen to the blood stream. Ileum is the last part of the small intestine, it absorb any nutrients left. The mouth The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system. Mastication breaks food into small piece that can be swallowed. This mechanical process safes the body’s energy. The enzyme in the saliva starts the chemical digestion. The Amylase which starts by breaking starch into sugar and Lingual lipases begins breaking of fats. TAQ5: The stomach The stomach is muscular bag, where gastric stage of digestion start. The food enters the stomach via the cardiac sphincter, the latter stops the contents of the stomach from splashing up into the oesophagus. The pyloric sphincter keeps food inside the stomach by contracting and controls the amount of food that passes into the small intestine. The stomach has three layers of muscle that contract in order to digest the food mechanically, which aid in breaking the food into chyme, mixing it with gastric juices and moving it around and through the stomach. The longitudinal muscles contraction causes the stomach to shorten and widen, the circular muscles that run around the stomach causes it to lengthens and become narrow, while the diagonal muscle cause it to twist. This muscular contraction called peristalsis. The geometry of the lumen increases the churning action in the stomach, and the rugae lining flatten to create more space for food and become folds when empty.so this movements an d changes to the stomach wall, combined with chemical reaction (mucosal glands secretion of gastric juice), breaks food molecules in the stomach. The small intestine is longer than the colon, but smaller in diameter (hence the name).When the chyme leaves the stomach it deposed in the first part of the intestine called the Duodenum. A canal is linked to this part from the pancreas and gall bladder. It’s through here that the pancreatic juice is secreted into the small intestine. The muscle coats: longitudinal and circular, contract and relax to aid the food to squeeze along the digestive tract. This is called Peristalsis. Most of nutrient the body needs is absorbed in the small intestine through its lining, which is covered by tiny microvilli, the latter gives the lining a large surface area for absorption. The large intestine (colon) is the last stop for food in the digestive system. Its longitudinal and circular muscles aid the movement of food in the colon. The latter is divided into four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon. The colon is made up of the mocosa layer, which is lined with goblet cells that secrete mucous, the latter aids the food passage through the colon. The mucosa layer is in top of the submucosa layer, which is a connective tissue. The walls of the colon unlike the small intestine it has no villi, as not much absorption happen her. References: (1) http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Diabetes-type2/Pages/Introduction.aspx (2) www.nhs.uk/conditions/atherosclerosis/page/introduction.aspx (3) http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rickets/pages/introduction.aspx Websites: http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09362.html http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/caloric-needs-athletes-7179.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/tissues_organs/organs_in_animalsrev3.shtml http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/digestive_system/hic_the_structure_and_function_of_the_digestive_system.aspx http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biology http://www.thevisualmd.com/health_centers/cancer/colorectal_cancer/colon_anatomy_function

biology - how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis Essay

Biology Coursework  ¡V Does The Light Intensity Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis The Investigation In this experiment I will investigate the affect in which the light intensity will have on a plants photosynthesis process. This will be done by measuring the bubbles of oxygen and having a bulb for the light intensity variable. Variables The input variable which will be used in this investigation will be the light intensity (this will be a 100Watt bulb being moved closer and further away from the plant). The outcome variable which will change as a result of this experiment will be the amount of oxygen made in the experiment due to the amount of light intensity increases (causing the plant to photosynthesise more). Prediction I predict that as the input variable, the light intensity increases (the light moved towards the plant) the outcome variable, the amount of oxygen, produced from photosynthesis will be larger. Plants can absorb and use light energy because they have a green pigment, chlorophyll, contained in the chloroplasts in some of their cells. Chlorophyll allows the energy in sunlight to drive chemical reactions. Chloroplasts act as a energy transducers, converting light energy into chemical energy. So as the plant has more light the chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts can react faster absorbing in more light for food and energy. The equation for photosynthesis can help to predict the outcome of the investigation. Light Energy Carbon Dioxide + Water --------------„ ³ Glucose + Oxygen Chlorophyll This shows that there could be three variables in this experiment, carbon dioxide, water and light energy. So in our case the variable light energy (light intensity) will be used. The equation also shows that if there is more light energy then more glucose and oxygen will be produced. I also predict that as the light is moved closer to the plant there will be more bubbles (oxygen) produced due to the increase of photosynthesis speed explained above. So in conclusion I predict that the more light intensity there is on the plant the faster the rate of photosynthesis there will be. Fair Testing The fair testing will be carefully checked so the results do not come out to be void. The light intensity will be changed for it is the only variable used in the experiment. Though the temperature, watt of the bulb, amount of water, size of the plant and posit... ... in the chloroplasts in some of their cells. Chlorophyll allows the energy in sunlight to drive chemical reactions. Chloroplasts act as energy transducers, converting light energy into chemical energy. So as the plant has more light the chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts can react faster absorbing in more light for food and energy. ¡Ã‚ ¨ So this shows my prediction was correct for in my experiment and shown in my result table and graph the more light intensity there is on a plant the higher the rate of my photosynthesis will be. My prediction is very close to what I said the results will be so my prediction was correct and has been proven to be correct in my result table, graph and now explained again in my conclusion. In conclusion the experiment was carried out and had great success proving my prediction to be correct and enabling solid and valid results which were able to be put in a graph. I believe my prediction could have been more accurate or more backed up if I had made a quantitative prediction. Though what I believed would happen did happen during the experiment which helped to understand the graph and the results which led me to be able to write a thorough report on them.

Probation: Prison and Federal Prisoners Returning

Probation is a type of sentence for criminal defendants. Probation allows a convicted defendant to go free with a suspended sentence for a specified duration during good behavior. Probationers are placed under the supervision of a probation officer and must fulfill certain conditions. If the probationer violates a condition of probation, the court may place additional restrictions on the probationer or order the probationer to serve a term of imprisonment. Probation is normally for offenders sentenced to short terms in jail: it is not combined with a long prison sentence. egal dictionary) Unsupervised, supervised, and intensive are the three types of probation. Intensive probationers are required to report daily to a probation officer and most times has an electronic monitoring system or they are on house arrest. Supervised probationers report to a probation officer once a month. Unsupervised probationers must follow the guidelines but do not have to report to a probation officer. Certain violent criminals and repeat offenders are not eligible for probation according to the statutory restrictions most states use to determine eligibility. Offenders placed on probation are subject to required conditions. There are standard conditions which all probationers have. Standard conditions include reporting to the probation office, reporting change of address, being employed, and not leaving the jurisdiction without permission. Punitive conditions are set to reflect the seriousness of the offense and make probation a little more painful. Examples of punitive conditions are fines, community service, victim restitution, house arrest, and drug testing. Treatment conditions make probationers deal with problems or needs, like substance abuse, family counseling, or vocational training ( Corrections: The Fundamentals) In the probation process a crime is committed and the offender is sentenced to probation. The second is the offender will have to follow several conditions or guidelines. The third would be to follow through with the probation and any other criteria the judge made and get off of probation After researching adults on probation on the BJS website it seems that there is always more state probation than federal. Also the number in state probation has significantly increased through the years. The federal probation has been like a rollercoaster starting low going high, going low and back to high. In the article by Allen J Beck State and Federal Prisoners Returning to the Community, it states that 42% of discharges from parole/conditional release supervision returned to prison/jail. Also 62% of released State prisoners are rearrested within 3 years; 41% returned to prison/jail. Doing some research on the highlights of three years I found; At yearend 2009, there were an estimated 5,018,900 adults under supervision in the community either on probation or parole the equivalent of about 1 out of every 47 adults in the U. S. Probationers (4,203,967) represented the majority (84%) of the community supervision population at yearend 2009, while parolees (819,308) accounted for a smaller share (16%). At yearend 2008, nearly 5. 1 million adults were under community supervision the equivalent of about 1 in every 45 adults in the United States. At yearend 2002, 1,440,655 prisoners were under the jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities. Looking at the Re entry trend it st ates at least 95% of all State prisoners will be released from prison at some point; nearly 80% will be released to parole supervision. In 2001, about 592,000 State prison inmates were released to the community after serving time in prison. All of this information is significant because it keeps a close eye on how many prisoners are released on probation and what percent of these prisoners did not follow through with it. According to the information from BJS it shows that probation effectiveness has its good times and its bad times. I think that probation is an effective form of community corrections as it can be. There is never a 100% effective way of stopping people from committing crime. If someone commits a crime even knowing the consequences, chances are they will do it again with or without probation. I think the government needs to focus on why people are committing crime and try to prevent crime before it happens. I also think that maybe there needs to be longer probation periods and harsher ones for repeat offenders. I also think that probation should be for less serious crimes and maybe for misdemeanors and not felonies.

Health Promotion On Hepatitis Virus - 1099 Words

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